Wednesday, November 28

• Notes: Ice Age Orgin
  ice_ages.pdf
  

Friday, December 1

 ____________________________________
 
 Prof. Pedersen:
 
 Earth and Ocean Science 112 
 
 Chapter 5, all
 Chapter 7, all
 Chapter 11 to p. 221
 
 Plus all web-posted text (and figures)
 
 Example Final Exam Questions
 
 Pedersen Section of the  Course 
 
 
 The 2-hour exam will consist mostly of a set of questions requiring
 paragraph- (or point-form) type answers. Rather than ask for you to
 recite memorized facts, the questions will be designed wherever
 possible to ask you to apply what you have learned, or to draw
 together various pieces of information or concepts to address a
 certain problem (for example, we will have some questions jointly
 posed by Austin and Pedersen that might relate ocean and atmosphere
 interaction). There will also be a collection of key terms which you
 will be asked to define. Such a possible list of terms could include
 one or more names of famous contributors to marine geological
 knowledge (e.g. Milutin Milankovitch, James Croll...) - you should be
 aware of their general contributions, as discussed during the course.
 
 With regard to the balance in the exam between the Austin, Harrison
 and Pedersen sections of the course, the final will be weighted
 proportional to the lecture component from each professor.
  
 
 
 Example questions:
 
 1. Explain why the surface waters off the coast of northwest Africa
 are colder than the surface waters at the same latitude immediately
 east of Florida.
 
 2. Explain why the deep waters in the equatorial Atlantic are cold (1
 to 3 degrees C) while the overlying surface waters are 20 to 25
 degrees warmer.
 
 
 3. Why are siliceous oozes found only in certain well-defined belts in
 the oceans, whereas carbonate oozes are more widespread?
 
 4.  Describe briefly how oxygen isotope measurements in foraminifera
 have been used to provide evidence for an astronomical control for
 Quaternary ice ages on Earth.
 
 _____________________________
 
 Prof. Harrison:
 
 
 Read: Chapt 13 and 14 in Thurman - Introduction to Oceanography
 
 
 1) What are the main features/characteristics of marine phytoplankotn? 
 Where do they live in the water column and why? What are the 3 major 
 phytoplankton groups and what are their characteristics? Why do we need to 
 know both size and numbers of phytoplankton to understand how important a 
 particular species is to the total phytoplankton biomass?
 
 2) What are zooplankton, holoplankton and meroplankton (give an example of 
 each)? What is the most dominant group of zooplankton?. Explain why 
 zooplankton vertically migrate.
 
 3) Why do phytoplankton need accessory pigments?
 
 4) Plot light and nutrients versus depth and explain your graphs
 
 5) Explain how we could get a small phytoplankton bloom in waters that are 
 usually nutrient-limited.
 
 6) Compare coastal regions with oceanic gyres in terms of nutrients, 
 phytoplankton and primary productivity.
 
 7) What is geoengineering and what schemes are being proposed and why? 
 What are the scientific problems associated with these schemes?
 
 
 __________________________
 
 Prof. Austin
 
 Review all vocabulary and review questions at the end of
 Chapters 3 and 4.
 
 Text material covered:
 
 Chapter 2:  be able to define and understand equilibrium, positive and
 negative feedback, feedback loops.
 
 Chapter 3 (all)
 
 Chapter 4 (all)
 
 Chapter 12: El Nino (244-250)
 
 Web PDF Notes (all)
 
 Labs 1 (parts a and b).
 
       ++++++++++++++++++++
 
 Example material from first half not  covered on mid-term:
 
 Monsoon/sea-breeze circulations -- what causes them?  What do they
 have in common? How are they different?
 
 
 Cloud forcing (low cloud/high cloud)
 
 Feedbacks: water vapor, ice albedo, temperature gradiant/storm track
 (chapter 4 critical thinking problem).
 
 From: mid-term -- luminosity, solar constant, annually averaged
 insolation