Crustal Seismic Anisotropy Mantle Seismic Anisotropy Shear Wave Splitting
Oceanic Crustal Composition Dredge Rocks Deep Sea Drilling Project and Ocean Drilling Program
Ophiolites Oceanic Serpentinites Oceanic Sedimentary Rocks
Continental Crustal Composition Origins of Reflections Continental Sedimentary Rocks
Arc Crustal Velocities Subduction Zone Rock Velocities Poisson's Ratio and Vp/Vs
Temperature Downhole Logging Velocities Electrical Resistivity
Velocity Compilations Attenuation Pore Pressure
Permeability Laboratory Techniques Single Crystal and Monomineralic Aggregate Velocities
Fault Zone Properties Velocity Density Relations
Nik Christensen's Homepage

Publications by Category

Crustal Seismic Anisotropy

Christensen, N. I. (1965), Compressional wave velocities in metamorphic rocks at pressures to 10 kilobars, J. Geophys. Res., 70, 6147-6164. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (1966), Shear wave velocities in metamorphic rocks at pressures to 10 kilobars, J. Geophys. Res., 71, 3549-3556. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (1971), Shear wave propagation in rocks, Nature, 229, 549-550. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (1972), Seismic anisotropy in the lower oceanic crust, Nature, 237, 450-451. PDF

Carlson, R. L., and N. I. Christensen (1977), Velocity anisotropy and physical properties of deep sea sediments from the Western South Atlantic, in Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Vol. XXXIX, edited by P. R. Supko, K. Perch-Nielsen, et al., pp. 555-560, U.S. Govt. Ptg. Ofc., Washington, DC. PDF

Carlson, R. L., and N. I. Christensen (1979), Velocity anisotropy in semi-indurated calcareous deep sea sediments, J. Geophys. Res., 84, 205-211. PDF

Christensen, N. I., and D. Szymanski (1988), The origin of reflections from the Brevard Fault Zone, Jour. of Geophys. Res., 93, 1087-1102. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (1989), Reflectivity and seismic structure of the deep continental crust, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 17, 793-17, 804. PDF

Brocher, T. M., and N. I. Christensen (1990), Seismic anisotropy due to preferred mineral orientation observed in shallow crustal rocks in southern Alaska, Geology, 18, 737-740. PDF

Brocher, T. M., W. J. Nokleberg, N. I. Christensen, et al. (1991), Seismic reflection/refraction mapping of faulting and regional dips in the Eastern Alaska Range, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 10, 233-10, 249. PDF

Brocher, T. M., and N. I. Christensen (1991), Seismic anisotropy due to preferred mineral orientation observed in shallow crustal rocks in southern Alaska: Reply to Crampin, Geology, 19, 859-860. PDF

Johnston, J. E., and N. I. Christensen (1994), Elastic constants and velocity surfaces of indurated anisotropic shales, Surveys in Geophys., 15, 481-494. PDF

Johnson, J. E., and N. I. Christensen (1995), Seismic anisotropy of shales, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 5991-6003. PDF

Okaya, D., N. I. Christensen, D. Stanley, and T. S. Stern (1995), Crustal anisotropy in the vicinity of the Alpine Fault Zone, New Zealand Jour. of Geol. & Geophys., 38(4), 579-583. PDF

Christensen, N. I., and W. D. Mooney (1995), Seismic velocity structure and composition of the continental crust: A global view, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 9761-9788. PDF

Godfrey, N. J., N. I. Christensen, and D. A. Okaya (2000), Anisotropy of schists: Contribution of crustal anisotropy to active source seismic experiments and shear wave splitting observations, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 27, 991-28, 007. PDF

Meltzer, A., and N. I. Christensen (2001), Nanga Parbat Crustal anisotropy: Implications for interpretation of crustal velocity structure and shear-wave splitting, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 2129-2132. PDF

Stanley, D., and N. I. Christensen (2001), Attenuation anisotropy in shale at elevated confining pressure, Int. J. Rock Mech. and Min. Sci., 28, 1047-1056. PDF

Okaya, D., and N. I. Christensen (2002), Anisotropic effects of non-axial seismic wave propagation in foliated crustal rocks, Geophys. Res. Letts. 10, 2, 1-4, doi: 10.1029/2001GL014285. PDF

Godfrey, N.J., N. I. Christensen, and D.A. Okaya (2002), The effect of crustal anisotropy on reflector depth and velocity determination from wide-angle seismic data: A synthetic example based on South Island, New Zealand, Tectonophysics, 355, 145-161. PDF

Christensen, N. I., and D. A. Okaya (2007), Compressional and Shear Wave Velocities in South Island, New Zealand rocks and their application to the interpretation of seismological models of the New Zealand crust, A Continental Plate Boundary: Tectonics at South Island, New Zealand Geophysical Monograph Series 175, American Geophysical Union, 123-155, doi: 10.1029/175GM08. PDF

 

Mantle Seismic Anisotropy

Christensen, N. I. (1966), Elasticity of ultrabasic rocks, J. Geophys. Res., 71, 5921-5931. PDF

Christensen, N. I., and R. S. Crosson (1968), Seismic anisotropy in the upper mantle, Tectonophysics, 6, 93-107. PDF

Crosson, R. S., and N. I. Christensen (1969), Transverse isotropy of the upper mantle in the vicinity of Pacific fracture zones, Bull. Seis. Soc. Am., 59, 59-72. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (1971), Fabric, seismic anisotropy and tectonic history of the Twin Sisters dunite, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 82, 1681-1694. PDF

Christensen, N. I.., and R. Ramananantrandro (1971), The elastic moduli and anisotropy of dunite to 10 kilobars, J. Geophys. Res., 76, 4003-4010. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (1971), Shear wave propagation in rocks, Nature, 229, 549-550. PDF

Christensen, N. I., and M. H. Salisbury (1979), Seismic anisotropy in the oceanic upper mantle: Evidence from the Bay of Islands Ophiolite Complex, J. Geophys. Res., 84, 4601-4610. PDF

Christensen, N. I., and J.D. Smewing (1981), Geology and seismic structure of the northern section of the Oman ophiolite, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 2545-2556. PDF

Christensen, N. I., and S. M. Lundquist (1982), Pyroxene orientation within the upper mantle, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 93, 279-288. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (1984), The magnitude, symmetry and origin of upper mantle anisotropy based on fabric analyses of ultramafic tectonites, Geophys. J.R. Astr. Soc., 76, 89-111. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (1984), Structure and origin of the Dun Mountain ultramafic massif, New Zealand, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 95, 551-558. PDF

Smewing, J. D., N. I. Christensen, I. D. Bartholomew, and P. Browning (1984), The structure of the oceanic upper mantle and lower crust as deduced from the northern section of the Oman ophiolite, in Ophiolites and Oceanic Lithosphere, edited by I. G. Gass, et al., pp. 41-53, Blackwell Scientific Publications, England. PDF

Salisbury, M. H., and N. I. Christensen (1985), Olivine fabrics in the Bay of Islands Ophiolite: Implications for mantle structure and anisotropy, Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 22, 1757-1766. PDF

Nicolas, A., and N. I. Christensen (1987), Formation of anisotropy in uppermantle peridotites—a review, in The Composition, Structure and Dynamics of the Lithosphere-Asthenosphere System, American Geophysical Union Geodynamics Series, edited by C. Froidevaux and K. Fuchs, pp. 111-123. PDF

Soedjatmiko, B., and N. I. Christensen (2000), Seismic anisotropy under extended crust: evidence from upper mantle xenoliths, Cima Volcanic Field, California, Tectonophysics, 321, 279-296. PDF

Long, C., and N. I. Christensen (2000), Seismic anisotropy of South African upper mantle xenoliths, Earth and Planetary Sci. Lett., 179, 551-565. PDF

Christensen, N. I., L. G. Medaris Jr., H. F. Wang, and E. Jelnek (2001), Depth variation of seismic anisotropy and petrology in central European lithosphere: A tectonothermal synthesis from spinel lherzolite, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 645-664. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (2002), Continental mantle seismic anisotropy: A new look at the Twin Sisters massif, Tectonophysics, 355, 163-170. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (2004), Serpentinites, peridotites, and seismology, International Geology Review, vol. 46, p. 795-816. PDF

Kopylova, M. G., J. Lo, and N. I. Christensen (2004), Petrological constraints on seismic properties of the slave upper mantle (Northern Canada), Lithos, vol. 77, 493-510. PDF

 

Shear Wave Splitting

Christensen, N. I., and R. Ramananantrandro (1971), The elastic moduli and anisotropy of dunite to 10 kilobars, J. Geophys. Res., 76, 4003-4010. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (1971), Shear wave propagation in rocks, Nature, 229, 549-550. PDF

Christensen, N. I., and M. H. Salisbury (1979), Seismic anisotropy in the oceanic upper mantle: Evidence from the Bay of Islands Ophiolite Complex, J. Geophys. Res., 84, 4601-4610. PDF

Christensen, N. I., and J. D. Smewing (1981), Geology and seismic structure of the northern section of the Oman ophiolite, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 2545-2556. PDF

Christensen, N. I., and S. M. Lundquist (1982), Pyroxene orientation within the upper mantle, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 93, 279-288. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (1984), The magnitude, symmetry and origin of upper mantle anisotropy based on fabric analyses of ultramafic tectonites, Geophys. J.R. Astr. Soc., 76, 89-111. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (1984), Structure and origin of the Dun Mountain ultramafic massif, New Zealand, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 95, 551-558. PDF

Smewing, J. D., N. I. Christensen, I. D. Bartholomew, and P. Browning (1984), The structure of the oceanic upper mantle and lower crust as deduced from the northern section of the Oman ophiolite, in Ophiolites and Oceanic Lithosphere, edited by I. G. Gass, et al., pp. 41-53, Blackwell Scientific Publications, England. PDF

Salisbury, M. H., and N. I. Christensen (1985), Olivine fabrics in the Bay of Islands Ophiolite: Implications for mantle structure and anisotropy, Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 22, 1757-1766. PDF

Nicolas, A., and N. I. Christensen (1987), Formation of anisotropy in uppermantle peridotites—a review, in The Composition, Structure and Dynamics of the Lithosphere-Asthenosphere System, American Geophysical Union Geodynamics Series, edited by C. Froidevaux and K. Fuchs, pp. 111-123. PDF

Johnston, J. E., and N. I. Christensen (1992), Shear wave reflectivity, anisotropies, Poisson's ratios, and densities of a southern Appalachian Paleozoic sedimentary sequence, Tectonophysics, 210, 1-20. PDF

McCaffree, C. L., and N. I. Christensen (1993), Shear wave properties and seismic imaging of mylonite zones, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 4423-4435. PDF

Johnston, J. E., and N. I. Christensen,(1994) Elastic constants and velocity surfaces of indurated anisotropic shales, Surveys in Geophys., 15, 481-494. PDF

Johnson, J. E., and N. I. Christensen (1995), Seismic anisotropy of shales, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 5991-6003. PDF

Soedjatmiko, B., and N. I. Christensen (2000), Seismic anisotropy under extended crust: evidence from upper mantle xenoliths, Cima Volcanic Field, California, Tectonophysics, 321, 279-296. PDF

Long, C., and N. I. Christensen (2000), Seismic anisotropy of South African upper mantle xenoliths, Earth and Planetary Sci. Lett., 179, 551-565. PDF

Godfrey, N. J., N. I. Christensen, and D. A. Okaya (2000), Anisotropy of schists: Contribution of crustal anisotropy to active source seismic experiments and shear wave splitting observations, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 27, 991-28, 007. PDF

Christensen, N. I., L. G. Medaris Jr., H. F. Wang, and E. Jelnek (2001), Depth variation of seismic anisotropy and petrology in central European lithosphere: A tectonothermal synthesis from spinel lherzolite, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 645-664. PDF

Meltzer, A., and N. I. Christensen (2001), Nanga Parbat Crustal anisotropy: Implications for interpretation of crustal velocity structure and shear-wave splitting, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 2129–2132. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (2002), Continental mantle seismic anisotropy: A new look at the Twin Sisters massif, Tectonophysics, 355, 163-170. PDF

Okaya, D., and, N. I. Christensen (2002), Anisotropic effects of non-axial seismic wave propagation in foliated crustal rocks, Geophys. Res. Letts. 10, 2, 1-4, doi: 10.1029/2001GL014285. PDF

Godfrey, N. J., N. I. Christensen, and D. A. Okaya (2002), The effect of crustal anisotropy on reflector depth and velocity determination from wide-angle seismic data: A synthetic example based on South Island, New Zealand, Tectonophysics, 355, 145-161. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (2004), Serpentinites, peridotites, and seismology, International Geology Review, vol. 46, 795-816. PDF

 

Oceanic Crustal Composition

Christensen, N. I. (1970), Composition and evolution of the oceanic crust, Mar. Geol., 8, 139-154. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (1970), Possible greenschist facies metamorphism of the oceanic crust, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 81, 905-908. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (1970), Compressional wave velocities in basalts from the Juan de Fuca Ridge, J. Geophys. Res., 75, 2773-2776. PDF

Christensen, N. I., and G. H. Shaw (1970), Elasticity of mafic rocks from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Geophys. J.R. Astr. Soc., 20, 271-284. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (1972), The abundance of serpentinites in the oceanic crust, J. Geol., 80, 709-719. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (1974), The petrologic nature of the lower oceanic crust and upper mantle, in Geodynamics of Iceland and the North Atlantic Area, edited by Kristjansson, pp. 165-176, D. Reidel, Dordrecht-Holland. PDF

Christensen, N. I., and M. H. Salisbury (1975), Structure and constitution of the lower oceanic crust, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 13, 57-86. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (1977), Seismic velocities in Leg 37 rocks and their geophysical implications, in Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Vol. XXXVII, edited by F. Aumento, W. G. Melson, et al., pp. 389-393, U.S. Govt. Ptg. Ofc., Washington, DC. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (1978), Ophiolites, seismic velocities and ocean crustal structure, Tectonophysics, 47, 131-157. PDF

Salisbury, M. H., and N. I. Christensen (1978), The seismic velocity structure of a traverse through the Bay of Islands Ophiolite Complex, Newfoundland, an exposure of oceanic crust and upper mantle, J. Geophys. Res., 83, 805-817. PDF

Carlson, R. L., N. I. Christensen, and R. P. Moore (1980), Anomalous crustal structures in ocean basins: continental fragments and oceanic plateaus, Earth and Planet. Sci. Lett., 51, 171-180. PDF

Christensen, N. I., and J. D. Smewing (1981), Geology and seismic structure of the northern section of the Oman ophiolite, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 2545-2556. PDF

Christensen, N. I., and M. H. Salisbury (1982), Lateral heterogeneity in the seismic structure of the oceanic crust, Geophys. J.R. Astr. Soc., 68, 675-688. PDF

Smewing, J. D., N. I. Christensen, I. D. Bartholomew, and P. Browning (1984), The structure of the oceanic upper mantle and lower crust as deduced from the northern section of the Oman ophiolite, in Ophiolites and Oceanic Lithosphere, edited by I. G. Gass, et al., pp. 41-53, Blackwell Scientific Publications, England. PDF

Miller, D. J., and N. I. Christensen (1997), Seismic velocities of lower crustal and upper mantle rocks from the slow spreading Mid-Atlantic Ridge, south of the Kane Transformation Zone (MARK), in Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 153, College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), edited by J. A. Karson, M. Cannat, D. J. Miller, and D. Ethon, pp. 437-451.

Salisbury, M. H., N. I. Christensen, and R. H. Wilkens (1996), Nature of the layer 2/3 transition from a comparison of laboratory and logging velocities and petrology at the base of Hole 504B, in Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 148, College Station, TX (Ocean Dfrilling Program), edited by J. C. Alt, H. Kinoshita, L. B. Stokking, and P. J. Michael, pp. 409-413. PDF

Miller, D. J., G. J. Iturrino, and N. I. Christensen (1996), Geochemical and petrological constraints on velocity behavior of lower crustal and upper mantle rocks from the fast-spreading ridge at Hess Deep, in Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 147, College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), edited by C. Mevel, K. M. Gillis, J. F. Allan, and P. S. Meyer, pp. 447-487. PDF

Miller, D. J., and N. I. Christensen (1997), Seismic velocities of lower crustal and upper mantle rocks from the slow spreading Mid-Atlantic Ridge, south of the Kane Transformation Zone (MARK), in Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 153, College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), edited by J. A. Karson, M. Cannat, D. J. Miller, and D. Ethon, pp. 437-451. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (2004), Serpentinites, peridotites, and seismology, International Geology Review, vol. 46, 795-816. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (1989), Oceanic Crust, in Encyclopedia of Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology, edited by D. R. Bowes, pp. 405-411, Van Nostrand-Reinhold, New York.

 

Dredge Rocks

Christensen, N. I. (1970), Compressional wave velocities in basalts from the Juan de Fuca Ridge, J. Geophys. Res., 75, 2773-2776. PDF

Christensen, N. I., and G. H. Shaw (1970), Elasticity of mafic rocks from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Geophys. J.R. Astr. Soc., 20, 271-284. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (1972), Compressional and shear wave velocities at pressure to 10 kilobars for basalts from the East Pacific Rise, Geophys. J.R. Astr. Soc., 28, 425-429. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (1972), The abundance of serpentinites in the oceanic crust, J. Geol., 80, 709-719. PDF

Christensen, N. I., and M. H. Salisbury (1975), Structure and constitution of the lower oceanic crust, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 13, 57-86. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (1977), The geophysical significance of oceanic plagiogranite, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 36, 297-300. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (1977), Seismic velocities and elastic moduli of igenous and metamorphic rocks from the Indian Ocean, in Indian Ocean Geology and Biostratigraphy, edited by J. R. Heirtzler, H. M. Bolli, et al., pp. 279-299, Am. Geophys. Un. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (1979), Compressional wave velocities in rocks at high temperatures and pressures, critical thermal gradients, and crustal low-velocity zones, J. Geophys. Res., 84, 6849-6857. PDF

Pan, Y., N. I. Christensen, R. Batiza, and T. L. Coleman (1998), Velocities of a natural mid-ocean ridge basalt glass, Tectonophysics, 290, 171-180. PDF

 

Deep Sea Drilling Project and Ocean Drilling Program

Christensen, N. I., and M. H. Salisbury (1972), Seafloor spreading, progressive alteration of layer 2 basalts, and associated changes in seismic velocities, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 15, 367-375. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (1973), Compressional and shear wave velocities in basaltic rocks, Deep Sea Drilling Project, Leg 16, in Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Vol. XVI, edited by T. H. van Andel, G. R. Heath, et al., pp. 647-650, U.S. Govt. Ptg. Ofc., Washington, DC. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (1973), Elastic wave velocities and moduli of basalts, Deep Sea Drilling Project, Leg 19, Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Vol. 19, edited by J. S. Creager, D. W. Scholl, et al., pp. 657-659, U.S. Govt. Ptg. Ofc., Washington, DC. PDF

Salisbury, M. H., and N. I. Christensen (1973), Progressive weathering of submarine basalt with age: further evidence of seafloor spreading, Geology, 1, 63-64. PDF

Christensen, N. I., and M. H. Salisbury (1973), Velocities, elastic moduli and weathering age-relations for Pacific layer 2 basalts, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 19, 461-470. PDF

Christensen, N. I., D. M. Fountain, and R. J. Stewart (1973), Oceanic crustal basement: a comparison of seismic properties of DSDP basalts and consolidated sediments, Mar. Geol., 15, 215-226. PDF

Christensen, N. I., D. M. Fountain, R. L. Carlson, and M. H. Salisbury (1974), Velocities and elastic moduli of volcanic and sedimentary rocks recovered on DSDP Leg 25, in Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Vol. XXV, edited by E. S. W. Simpson, R. Schlich, et al., pp. 357-360, U.S. Govt. Ptg. Ofc., Washington, DC. PDF

Christensen, N. I., M. H. Salisbury, D. M. Fountain, and R. L. Carlson (1974), Velocities of compressional and shear waves in DSDP Leg 27 basalts, in Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Vol. XXVII, edited by J. J. Veevers, J. R. Heirtzler, et al., pp. 445-470, U.S. Govt. Ptg. Ofc., Washington, DC. PDF

Christensen, N. I., R. L. Carlson, M. H. Salisbury, and D. M. Fountain (1975), Elastic wave velocities in volcanic and plutonic rocks recovered on DSDP Leg 31, in Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Vol. XXXI, edited by D. E. Karig, J. C. Ingle Jr. et al., pp. 607-610, U.S. Govt. Ptg. Ofc., Washington, DC. PDF

Fountain, D. M., R. L. Carlson, M. H. Salisbury, and N. I. Christensen (1975), Possible lower crustal rocks recovered on Leg 31 by deep-sea drilling in the Philippine Sea, Mar. Geol., 19, M75-M80. PDF

Salisbury, M. H., and N. I. Christensen (1976), Sonic velocities and densities of basalts from the Nazca Plate, DSDP Leg 34, in Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Vol. XXXIV, edited by R. S. Yeats, S. R. Hart, et al., pp. 543-546, U.S. Govt. Ptg. Ofc., Washington, DC. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (1976), Seismic velocities, densities and elastic constants of basalts from DSDP Leg 35, in Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Vol. XXV, edited by D. C. Hollister, C. Craddock, et al., pp. 335-340, U.S. Govt. Ptg. Ofc., Washington DC PDF

Christensen, N. I. (1977), Seismic velocities in Leg 37 rocks and their geophysical implications, in Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Vol. XXXVII, edited by F. Aumento, W. G. Melson, et al., pp. 389-393, U.S. Govt. Ptg. Ofc., Washington, DC. PDF

Carlson, R. L., and N. I. Christensen (1977), Velocities, densities, and elastic constants of basalt and trachytic tuff, DSDP Leg 39, in Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Vol. XXXIX, edited by P. R. Supko, K. Perch-Nielsen, et al., pp. 493-496, U.S. Govt. Ptg. Ofc., Washington, DC. PDF

Carlson, R. L., and N. I. Christensen (1977), Velocity anisotropy and physical properties of deep sea sediments from the Western South Atlantic, in Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Vol. XXXIX, edited by P. R. Supko, K. Perch-Nielsen, et al., pp. 555-560, U.S. Govt. Ptg. Ofc., Washington, DC. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (1977), Seismic velocities and elastic moduli of igenous and metamorphic rocks from the Indian Ocean, in Indian Ocean Geology and Biostratigraphy, edited by J. R. Heirtzler, H. M. Bolli, et al., pp. 279-299, Am. Geophys. Un. PDF

Christensen, N. I., R. D. Hyndman, J. M. Hull and M. H. Salisbury (1978), Electrical resistivities, densities, and porosities of basalts from DSDP Leg 46, in Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Vol. XLVI, edited by L. Dmitriev, J. Heirtzler, et al., pp. 383-388, U.S. Govt. Ptg. Ofc., Washington, DC. PDF

Carlson, R. L., and N. I. Christensen (1979), Velocity anisotropy in semi-indurated calcareous deep sea sediments, J. Geophys. Res., 84, 205-211. PDF

Salisbury, M. H., R. Stephen, N. I. Christensen, and J. Francheteau (1979), The physical state of the upper levels of Cretaceous oceanic crust from the results of logging, laboratory studies and the oblique seismic experiment at DSDP sites 417 and 418, in Deep Drilling Results in the Atlantic Ocean: Ocean Crust, Maurice Ewing Series 2, edited by M. Talwani, C. G. Harrison, and D. E. Hayes, pp. 113-134, Am. Geophys. Un. PDF

Christensen, N. I., J. M. Hull, and K. A. Hubert (1979), Seismic velocities, densities and elastic constants at elevated pressures of basalts and volcaniclastic breccias, DSDP Leg 43, in Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Vol. XLIII, edited by B. E. Tucholke, P. R. Vogt, et al., pp. 769-772, U.S. Govt. Ptg. Ofc., Washington, DC. PDF

Christensen, N. I., S. C. Blair, et al. (1979), Compressional wave velocities, densities, and porosities of basalts from holes 417A, 417D, 418A, Deep Sea Drilling Project legs 51-53, in Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Vol. LI, LII, LIII, edited by T. Donnelly, J. Francheteau, et al., pp. 1467-1471, U.S. Govt. Ptg. Ofc., Washington, DC PDF

Christensen, N. I., R. H. Wilkens, S. C. Blair and R. L. Carlson (1980), Seismic velocities, densities, and elastic constants of volcanic breccias and basalt, DSDP Leg 59, in Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Vol. LIX, edited by L. Kroenke, R. Scott, et al., pp. 515-518, U.S. Govt. Ptg. Ofc., Washington, DC. PDF

Carlson, R. L., N. I. Christensen, and R. H. Wilkens (1980), Acoustic properties of volcaniclastic sediments recovered from the floor of the Philippine Sea, DSDP Leg 59, in Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Vol. LIX, edited by L. Kroenke, R. Scott, et al., pp. 519-522, U.S. Govt. Ptg. Ofc., Washington, DC. PDF

Christensen, N. I., S. C. Blair, R. C. Prior, and J. P. Schultz (1982), Seismic velocities at elevated pressures of igneous rocks from the Mariana Trough and fore-arc region, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 60, in Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, 60, edited by D. M. Hussong, S. Uyeda, et al., pp. 805-806, U.S. Govt. Ptg. Ofc., Washington, DC. PDF

Christensen, N. I., and B. T. R. Lewis (1983), Physical properties of Leg 65 basalts, in Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, 65, edited by B. T. R. Lewis, P. Robinson, et al., pp. 693-696 U.S. Govt. Ptg. Ofc., Washington, DC. PDF

Wilkens, R. H., N. I. Christensen, and L. Slater (1983), High-pressure seismic studies of Leg 69 and 70 basalts, in Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, 69, edited by J. R. Cann, et al., pp. 683-686, U.S. Govt. Ptg. Ofc., Washington, DC PDF

Hyndman, R. D., N. I. Christensen, and M. J. Drury (1984), The physical properties of basalt core samples from Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 78B Hole 395A, in Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, 78, edited by B. Biju-Duval, J. C. Moore, et al., U.S. Govt. Ptg. Ofc., Washington, DC, pp. 801-810. PDF

Christensen, N.I., and M. H. Salisbury (1985), Seismic velocities, densities, and porosities of layer 2B and layer 2C basalts from Hole 504B, in Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, 83, edited by R. N. Anderson, J. Honnorez, K. Becker, et al., pp. 367-370, U.S. Govt. Ptg. Ofc, Washington, DC. PDF

Salisbury, M. H., N. I. Christensen, K. Becker, and D. Moos (1985), The velocity structure of Layer 2 at Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 504 from logging and laboratory experiments, in Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, 83, edited by R. N. Anderson, J. Honnorez, K. Becker, et al., pp. 529-539, U.S. Govt. Ptg. Ofc, Washington, DC. PDF

Salisbury, M. H., J. H. Scott, N. I. Christensen, et al. (1988), Old oceanic crust, synthesis of logging, laboratory and seismic data from Leg 102, in Proceedings Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results 102, College Station, TX, edited by M. H. Salisbury, J. H. Scott, et al., pp. 155-180. PDF

Christensen, N. I., W. W. Wepfer, and R. D. Baud (1989), Seismic properties of sheeted dikes from Hole 504B, ODP Leg 111, in Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, Vol. III, College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), edited by Becker K., Sakai, H., et al., pp. 171-176. PDF

Iturrino, G. J., and N. I. Christensen (1991), Reflectivity modeling of the Layer 3 gabbroic sequence drilled at the Atlantis II fracutre zone, in Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 188, College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), edited by R. P. von Herzen, P. T. Robinson, et al., pp. 245-251. PDF

Iturrino, G. J., N. I. Christensen, S. Kirby, and M. H. Salisbury (1991), Seismic velocities and elastic properties of oceanic gabbroic rocks from Hole 735B, in Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 118, College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), edited by R. P. von Herzen, P. T. Robinson, et al., pp. 227-244. PDF

Ballotti, D. M., N. I. Christensen, and K. Becker (1992), Seismic properties of serpentinized peridotite from the Mariana forearc, in Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 125, College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), edited by P. Fryer, J. A. Pearce, L. B. Stokking, et al., pp. 581-584. PDF

Wallick, B. P., N. I. Christensen, and D. M. Ballotti (1992), High-pressure velocity measurements of Jurassic Basalt, Leg 129, in Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 129, College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), edited by R. L. Larson, Y. Lancelot, et al., pp. 501-506. PDF

Wilkens, R. H., N. I. Christensen, and J. A. Collins (1993), Seismic properties and reflectivity of north Pacific Ocean cherts, in Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 136, College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Progam), edited by R. H. Wilkens, J. Firth, J. Bender, et al., pp. 99-104. PDF

Gröschel-Becker, H. M., H. W. Villinger, B. A. Konyukhov, G. J. Iturrino, and N. I. Christensen (1994), Seismic velocities of diabase and basalt from Middle Valley sills and flows, northern Juan de Fuca Ridge, in Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 139, College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), edited by M. J. Mottl, E. E. Davis, A. T. Fisher, and J. F. Slack, pp. 597-609. PDF

Iturrino, G. J., N. I. Christensen, K. Becker, L. Boldreel, P. K. Harvey, and P. Pezard (1995), Physical properties and elastic constants of upper crustal rocks from core-log measurements in hole 504B, in Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 137/140, College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Progam), edited by J. Erzinger, K. Becker, H. J. B. Dick, and L. B. Stokking, pp. 273-291. PDF

Johnston, J. E., G. J. Fryer and N. I. Christensen (1995), Velocity-porosity relationships of basalts from the East Pacific Rise, in Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 142, College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), edited by R. Batiza, M. A. Storms, and J. F. Allan, pp. 51-58. PDF

Iturrino, G. J., D. J. Miller, and N. I. Christensen (1996), Velocity behavior of lower crustal and upper mantle rocks from a fast–spreading ridge at Hess Deep, in Proceeding of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, Vol. 147, College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), edited by C. Mevel, K. M. Gillis, J. F. Allan, and P. S. Meyer, pp. 417-440. PDF

Salisbury, M. H., N. I. Christensen, and R. H. Wilkens (1996), Nature of the layer 2/3 transition from a comparison of laboratory and logging velocities and petrology at the base of Hole 504B, in Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 148, College Station, TX (Ocean Dfrilling Program), edited by J. C. Alt, H. Kinoshita, L. B. Stokking, and P. J. Michael, pp. 409-413. PDF

Miller, D. J., G. J. Iturrino, and N. I. Christensen (1996), Geochemical and petrological constraints on velocity behavior of lower crustal and upper mantle rocks from the fast-spreading ridge at Hess Deep, in Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 147, College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), edited by C. Mevel, K. M. Gillis, J. F. Allan, and P. S. Meyer, pp. 447-487. PDF

Johnston, J. E., and N. I. Christensen (1997), Seismic properties of layer 2 basalts, Geophys. J.R. Astr. Soc., 128 (2), 285-300. PDF

Miller, D. J., and N. I. Christensen (1997), Seismic velocities of lower crustal and upper mantle rocks from the slow spreading Mid-Atlantic Ridge, south of the Kane Transformation Zone (MARK), in Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 153, College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), edited by J. A. Karson, M. Cannat, D. J. Miller, and D. Ethon, pp. 437-451. PDF

Tompkins, M. J., and N. I. Christensen (2001), Ultrasonic P- and S-wave attenuation in oceanic basalt, J. Geophys. Int., 145, 172-186. PDF

Courtier A. M., D. J. Hart, and N. I. Christensen. (2004), Seismic properties of Leg 195 serpentinites and their geophysical implications, in Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, Volume 195, edited by M. Shirohara, M. H. Salisbury, and C. Richter, pp. 1-12. PDF

 

Ophiolites

Christensen, N. I., and M. H. Salisbury (1975), Structure and constitution of the lower oceanic crust, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 13, 57-86. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (1978), Ophiolites, seismic velocities and ocean crustal structure, Tectonophysics, 47, 131-157. PDF

Salisbury, M. H., and N. I. Christensen (1978), The seismic velocity structure of a traverse through the Bay of Islands Ophiolite Complex, Newfoundland, an exposure of oceanic crust and upper mantle, J. Geophys. Res., 83, 805-817. PDF

Christensen, N. I., and M. H. Salisbury (1979), Seismic anisotropy in the oceanic upper mantle: Evidence from the Bay of Islands Ophiolite Complex, J. Geophys. Res., 84, 4601-4610. PDF

Christensen, N. I., and J. D. Smewing (1981), Geology and seismic structure of the northern section of the Oman ophiolite, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 2545-2556. PDF

Christensen, N. I., and M. H. Salisbury (1982), Lateral heterogeneity in the seismic structure of the oceanic crust, Geophys. J.R. Astr. Soc., 68, 675-688. PDF

Christensen, N. I., and S. M. Lundquist (1982), Pyroxene orientation within the upper mantle, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 93, 279-288. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (1984), The magnitude, symmetry and origin of upper mantle anisotropy based on fabric analyses of ultramafic tectonites, Geophys. J.R. Astr. Soc., 76, 89-111. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (1984), Structure and origin of the Dun Mountain ultramafic massif, New Zealand, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 95, 551-558. PDF

Smewing, J. D., N. I. Christensen, I. D. Bartholomew, and P. Browning (1984), The structure of the oceanic upper mantle and lower crust as deduced from the northern section of the Oman ophiolite, in Ophiolites and Oceanic Lithosphere, edited by I. G. Gass, et al., pp. 41-53, Blackwell Scientific Publications, England. PDF

Salisbury, M. H., and N. I. Christensen (1985), Olivine fabrics in the Bay of Islands Ophiolite: Implications for mantle structure and anisotropy, Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 22, 1757-1766. PDF

Nicolas, A., and N. I. Christensen (1987), Formation of anisotropy in uppermantle peridotites—a review, in The Composition, Structure and Dynamics of the Lithosphere-Asthenosphere System, American Geophysical Union Geodynamics Series, edited by C. Froidevaux and K. Fuchs, pp. 111-123. PDF

Christensen, N. I., W. W. Wepfer, and M. H. Salisbury (1987), Seismic properties of samples from the volcanic section of the Troodos Ophiolite, Hole CY-2a, in Cyprus Crustal Study Project Initial Report Hole CY2-2a, Geological Survey of Canada Paper, edited by P. T. Robinson, I. L. Gibson, and A. Panayiotou, pp. 307-315. PDF

Salisbury, M. H., N. I. Christensen, F. J. Vine, G. C. Smith, and S. Eleftherion (1989), Geophysical structure of the Troodos ophiolite from downhole logging, in Cyprus Crustal Study Project: Initial Report, Hole CY-4, Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 88-9, edited by I. L. Gibson, J. Malpas, P. T. Robinson, and C. Xenophontos, pp. 331-349. PDF

Christensen, N. I., and M. H. Salisbury (1989), Velocity structure of the Troodos Massif, an arc-derived ophiolite, in Cyprus Crustal Study Project: Initial Report, Hole CY-4, Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 88-9, edited by I. L. Gibson, J. Malpas, P. T. Robinson, and C. Xenophontos, pp. 351-369. PDF

Wepfer, W. W., and N. I. Christensen (1991), Q structure of the Oceanic Crust, Marine Geophys. Res., 13, 227-237. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (2004), Serpentinites, peridotites, and seismology, International Geology Review, vol. 46, 795-816. PDF

 

Oceanic Serpentinites

Christensen, N. I. (1966), Elasticity of ultrabasic rocks, J. Geophys. Res., 71, 5921-5931. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (1970), Composition and evolution of the oceanic crust, Mar. Geol., 8, 139-154. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (1972), The abundance of serpentinites in the oceanic crust, J. Geol., 80, 709-719. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (1974), The petrologic nature of the lower oceanic crust and upper mantle, in Geodynamics of Iceland and the North Atlantic Area, edited by Kristjansson, pp. 165-176, D. Reidel, Dordrecht-Holland. PDF

Christensen, N. I., and M. H. Salisbury (1975), Structure and constitution of the lower oceanic crust, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 13, 57-86. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (1977), Seismic velocities and elastic moduli of igenous and metamorphic rocks from the Indian Ocean, in Indian Ocean Geology and Biostratigraphy, edited by J. R. Heirtzler, H. M. Bolli, et al., pp. 279-299, Am. Geophys. Un. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (1978), Ophiolites, seismic velocities and ocean crustal structure, Tectonophysics, 47, 131-157. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (1979), Compressional wave velocities in rocks at high temperatures and pressures, critical thermal gradients, and crustal low-velocity zones, J. Geophys. Res., 84, 6849-6857. PDF

Wepfer, W. W. and N. I. Christensen (1991), Q structure of the Oceanic Crust, Marine Geophys. Res., 13, 227-237. PDF

Ballotti, D. M., N. I. Christensen, and K. Becker (1992), Seismic properties of serpentinized peridotite from the Mariana forearc, in Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 125, College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), edited by P. Fryer, J. A. Pearce, L. B. Stokking, et al., pp. 581-584. PDF

Christensen, N. I., and W. D. Mooney (1995), Seismic velocity structure and composition of the continental crust: A global view, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 9761-9788. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (1996), Poisson’s ratio and crustal seismology, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 3139-3156. PDF

Iturrino, G. J., D. J. Miller, and N. I. Christensen (1996), Velocity behavior of lower crustal and upper mantle rocks from a fast–spreading ridge at Hess Deep, in Proceeding of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, Vol. 147, College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), edited by C. Mevel, K. M. Gillis, J. F. Allan, and P. S. Meyer, pp. 417-440. PDF

Miller, D. J., G. J. Iturrino, and N. I. Christensen (1996), Geochemical and petrological constraints on velocity behavior of lower crustal and upper mantle rocks from the fast-spreading ridge at Hess Deep, in Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 147, College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), edited by C. Mevel, K. M. Gillis, J. F. Allan, and P. S. Meyer, pp. 447-487. PDF

Miller, D. J., and N. I. Christensen (1997), Seismic velocities of lower crustal and upper mantle rocks from the slow spreading Mid-Atlantic Ridge, south of the Kane Transformation Zone (MARK), in Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 153, College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), edited by J. A. Karson, M Cannat, D. J. Miller, and D. Ethon, pp. 437-451. PDF

Courtier A. M., D. J. Hart, and N. I. Christensen (2004), Seismic properties of Leg 195 serpentinites and their geophysical implications, in Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, Volume 195, edited by M. H. Shirohara, Salisbury, and C. Richter, pp. 1-12. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (2004), Serpentinites, peridotites, and seismology, International Geology Review, vol. 46, p. 795-816. PDF

 

Oceanic Sedimentary Rocks

Christensen, N. I. (1973), D. M. Fountain, and R. J. Stewart, Oceanic crustal basement: a comparison of seismic properties of DSDP basalts and consolidated sediments, Mar. Geol., 15, 215-226. PDF

Christensen, N. I., D. M. Fountain, R. L. Carlson, and M. H. Salisbury (1974), Velocities and elastic moduli of volcanic and sedimentary rocks recovered on DSDP Leg 25, in Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Vol. XXV, edited by E. S. W. Simpson, R. Schlich, et al., pp. 357-360, U.S. Govt. Ptg. Ofc., Washington, DC. PDF

Carlson, R. L., and N. I. Christensen (1977), Velocity anisotropy and physical properties of deep sea sediments from the Western South Atlantic, in Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Vol. XXXIX, edited by P. R. Supko, K. Perch-Nielsen, et al., pp. 555-560, U.S. Govt. Ptg. Ofc., Washington, DC. PDF

Carlson, R. L., and N. I. Christensen (1979), Velocity anisotropy in semi-indurated calcareous deep sea sediments, J. Geophys. Res., 84, 205-211. PDF

Carlson, R. L., N. I. Christensen, and R. H. Wilkens (1980), Acoustic properties of volcaniclastic sediments recovered from the floor of the Philippine Sea, DSDP Leg 59, in Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Vol. LIX, edited by L. Kroenke, R. Scott, et al., pp. 519-522, U.S. Govt. Ptg. Ofc., Washington, DC. PDF

Wilkens, R. H., N. I. Christensen, and J. A. Collins (1993), Seismic properties and reflectivity of north Pacific Ocean cherts, in Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 136, College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Progam), edited by R. H. Wilkens, J. Firth, J. Bender, et al., pp. 99-104. PDF

Brocher, T. M., and N. I. Christensen (2001), Density and velocity relationships for digital sonic and density logs from coastal Washington and laboratory measurements of Olympic Peninsula mafic rocks and greywackes, USGS Open-File Report 01-264, 39. PDF

 

Continental Crustal Composition

Christensen, N. I. (1965), Compressional wave velocities in metamorphic rocks at pressures to 10 kilobars, J. Geophys. Res., 70, 6147-6164. PDF

Christensen, N. I., and D. M. Fountain (1975), Constitution of the lower continental crust based on experimental studies of seismic velocities in granulite, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 86, 227-236. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (1979), Compressional wave velocities in rocks at high temperatures and pressures, critical thermal gradients, and crustal low-velocity zones, J. Geophys. Res., 84, 6849-6857. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (1989), Reflectivity and seismic structure of the deep continental crust, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 17, 793-17, 804. PDF

Fountain, D. M., and N. I. Christensen (1989), Composition of the continental crust: A review, in Geophysical Framework of the Continental United States, Geol. Soc. Am. Memoir 172, edited by L. C. Pakiser Jr. and W. D. Mooney, pp. 711-742, Boulder, Colorado. PDF

Holbrook, W. S., W. D. Mooney, and N. I. Christensen (1992), The seismic velocity structure of the deep continental crust, in Continental Lower Crust, Developments in Geotectonics, edited by D. M. Fountain, R. Arculus, and R. M. Kay, pp.1-43 Elsevier, Amsterdam. PDF

Miller, D. J., and N. I. Christensen (1994), Seismic signature and geochemistry of an island arc: A multidisciplinary study of the Kohistan accreted terrane, northern Pakistan, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 11, 623-11, 642. PDF

Mooney, W. D., and N. I. Christensen (1994), Composition of the crust beneath the Kenya rift, Tectonophysics, 236, 391-408. PDF

Parsons, T., N. I. Christensen, and H. G. Wilshire (1995), Velocities of southern Basin and Range xenoliths: Insights on the nature of lower crustal reflectivity and composition, Geology, 23, 129-132. PDF

Christensen, N. I., and W. D. Mooney (1995), Seismic velocity structure and composition of the continental crust: A global view, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 9761-9788. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (1996), Poisson’s ratio and crustal seismology, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 3139-3156. PDF

Musacchio, G., W. D. Mooney, J. H. Luetgert, and N. I. Christensen (1997), Composition of the crust in the Grenville and Appalachian Provinces of North America inferred from Vp/Vs ratios, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 15, 225-15, 241. PDF

McCaffree-Pellerin, C. L., and N. I. Christensen (1998), Interpretation of crustal seismic velocities in the San Gabriel-Mohave region, southern California, Tectonophysics, 296, 253-271. PDF

Fliedner, M. M., S. Klemperer, and N. I. Christensen (2000), Three-dimensional seismic model of the Sierra Nevada arc, California, and its implications for crustal and upper mantle composition, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 10, 899-10, 922. PDF

Morozov, I. B., N. I. Christensen, S. B. Smithson, and L. S. Hollister (2003), Seismic and laboratory constraints on crustal formation in a former continental arc (ACCRETE, southeastern Alaska and western British Columbia), J. Geophys. Res. VOL. NO. 08, B1, 2041, 1-9, doi:10.1029/2001JB001740. PDF

Christensen, N. I., and D. A. Okaya (2007), Compressional and Shear Wave Velocities in South Island, New Zealand rocks and their application to the interpretation of seismological models of the New Zealand crust, A Continental Plate Boundary: Tectonics at South Island, New Zealand Geophysical Monograph Series 175, American Geophysical Union, 123-155, doi: 10.1029/175GM08. PDF

 

Origins of Reflections

Christensen, N. I., and D. Szymanski (1988), The origin of reflections from the Brevard Fault Zone, Jour. of Geophys. Res., 93, 1087-1102. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (1989), Reflectivity and seismic structure of the deep continental crust, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 17, 793-17, 804. PDF

Christensen, N. I. and D. L. Szymanski (1991), Seismic properties and the origin of reflectivity from a classic Paleozoic sedimentary sequence, Valley and Ridge province, southern Appalachians, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 103, 277-289. PDF

Iturrino, G. J., and N. I. Christensen (1991), Reflectivity modeling of the Layer 3 gabbroic sequence drilled at the Atlantis II fracutre zone, in Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 188, College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), edited by R. P. von Herzen, P. T. Robinson, et al., pp. 245-251. PDF

Johnston, J. E., and N. I. Christensen (1992), Shear wave reflectivity, anisotropies, Poisson's ratios, and densities of a southern Appalachian Paleozoic sedimentary sequence, Tectonophysics, 210, 1-20. PDF

Szymanski, D. L., and N. I. Christensen (1993), The origin of reflections beneath the Blue-Ridge-Piedmont Allochthon: A view through the Grandfather Mountain window, Tectonics, 12, 265-278. PDF

McCaffree, C. L., and N. I. Christensen (1993), Shear wave properties and seismic imaging of mylonite zones, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 4423-4435. PDF

Pratt, T. L., J. F. Mondary, L. D. Brown, N. I. Christensen, and S. H. Danbom (1993), Crustal structure and deep reflector properties: Wide angle shear and compressional wave studies of the midcrustal surrency bright spot beneath southeastern Georgia, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 17, 723-17, 736. PDF

Hughes, S., J. H. Luetgert, and N. I. Christensen (1993), Reconciling deep seismic refraction and reflection data from the Grenvillian-Appalachian boundary in western New England, Tectonophysics, 225, 255-269. PDF

Wilkens, R. H., N. I. Christensen, and J. A. Collins (1993), Seismic properties and reflectivity of north Pacific Ocean cherts, in Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 136, College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Progam), edited by R. H. Wilkens, J. Firth, J. Bender, et al., pp. 99-104. PDF

Mooney, W. D., and N. I. Christensen (1994), Composition of the crust beneath the Kenya rift, Tectonophysics, 236, 391-408. PDF

 

Continental Sedimentary Rocks

Christensen, N. I., and H. F. Wang (1985), The influence of pore pressure and confining pressure on dynamic elastic properties of Berea sandstone, Geophysics, 50, 207-213. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (1989), Pore pressure, seismic velocities and crustal composition, in Geophysical framework of the continental United States: Boulder Colorado, Geol. Soc. Am. Memoir 172, edited by L. C. Pakiser Jr. and W. D. Mooney, pp. 783-798, Boulder, Colorado. PDF

Christensen, N. I., and D. L. Szymanski (1991), Seismic properties and the origin of reflectivity from a classic Paleozoic sedimentary sequence, Valley and Ridge province, southern Appalachians, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 103, 277-289. PDF

Johnston, J. E., and N. I. Christensen (1992), Shear wave reflectivity, anisotropies, Poisson's ratios, and densities of a southern Appalachian Paleozoic sedimentary sequence, Tectonophysics, 210, 1-20. PDF

Johnston, J. E., and N. I. Christensen (1993), Compressional to shear velocity ratios in sedimentary rocks, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. & Geomech. Abstr., 30, 751-754. PDF

Johnston, J. E., and N. I. Christensen (1994), Elastic constants and velocity surfaces of indurated anisotropic shales, Surveys in Geophys., 15, 481-494. PDF

Johnston, J. E., and N. I. Christensen (1995), Seismic anisotropy of shales, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 5991-6003. PDF

Stanley, D., and N. I. Christensen (2001), Attenuation anisotropy in shale at elevated confining pressure, Int. J. Rock Mech. and Min. Sci., 28, 1047-1056. PDF

Christensen, N. I., and D. Stanley (2003), Seismic Velocities and densities of rocks, in International Handbook of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology, edited by W. Lee, H. Kanamori, P. Jennings, and C. Kissinger, 1587-1594, Academic Press. PDF

 

Arc Crustal Velocities

Christensen, N. I., and M. H. Salisbury (1989), Velocity structure of the Troodos Massif, an arc-derived ophiolite, in Cyprus Crustal Study Project: Initial Report, Hole CY-4, Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 88-9, edited by I. L. Gibson, J. Malpas, P. T. Robinson, and C. Xenophontos, pp. 351-369. PDF

Fuis, G. S., E. L. Ambos, W. D. Mooney, N. I. Christensen, and E. Geist (1991), Crustal structure of accreted terranes in Southern Alaska, Chugach Mountains and Copper River Basin, from seismic refraction results, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 4187-4227. PDF

Miller, D. J. and N. I. Christensen (1994), Seismic signature and geochemistry of an island arc: A multidisciplinary study of the Kohistan accreted terrane, northern Pakistan, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 11,623-11,642. PDF

Fliedner, M. M., S. Klemperer and N. I. Christensen (2000), Three-dimensional seismic model of the Sierra Nevada arc, California, and its implications for crustal and upper mantle composition, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 10, 899-10, 922. PDF

Morozov, I. B., N. I. Christensen, S. B. Smithson, and L. S. Hollister (2003), Seismic and laboratory constraints on crustal formation in a former continental arc, (ACCRETE, southeastern Alaska and western British Columbia), J. Geophys. Res. VOL. NO. 08, B1, 2041, 1-9, doi:10.1029/2001JB001740. PDF

T. Parsons, R. J. Blakely, T. M. Brocher, N. I. Christensen, M. A. Fisher, E. Flueh, F. Kilbride, J. H. Luetgert, K. Miller, U. S. ten Brink, A. M. Trehu, and R. E. Wells (2006), Crustal Structure of the Cascadia Fore Arc of Washington, U. S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 1661-D, 1-40. PDF

 

Subduction Zone Rock Velocities

Zhao, Z., N. I. Christensen, and W. Zhou (2001), Elastic wave velocity in rocks from Dabieshan and its constraints for lithospheric composition and crust-mantle recycling, Progress in Natural Science (China), 11, 116-122. PDF

Christensen, N. I. and D. Stanley (2003), Seismic Velocities and densities of rocks, in International Handbook of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology, edited by W. Lee, H. Kanamori, P. Jennings and C. Kissinger, pp. 1587-1594, Academic Press. PDF

Audet, P., M. G. Bostock, N. I. Christensen, and S. M. Peacock (2009), Seismic evidence for overpressured subducted oceanic crust and megathrust fault sealing, Nature, 457, 76-78, doi: 10.1038/nature07650. PDF

Peacock, S. M., N. I. Christensen, M. G. Bostock, and P. Audet (2011), High pore pressures and porosity at 35 km depth in the Cascadia subduction zone, Geology, 470-474, doi: 10.1130/G31649.1. PDF

Zhao, Z., Y. Niu, N. I. Christensen, W. Zhou, Q. Hou, Z. M. Zhang, H. Xie, Z. C. Zhang, and J. Liu (2011), Delamination and ultra-deep subduction of continental crust: constraints from elastic wave velocity and density measurement in ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rocks, Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 1-21, doi:10.1111 fl.1525-1314.2011.00941.x. PDF

 

Poisson's Ratio and Vp/Vs

Christensen, N. I. (1966), Elasticity of ultrabasic rocks, J. Geophys. Res., 71, 5921-5931. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (1970), Composition and evolution of the oceanic crust, Mar. Geol., 8, 139-154. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (1972), The abundance of serpentinites in the oceanic crust, J. Geol., 80, 709-719. PDF

Christensen, N. I., and D. M. Fountain (1975), Constitution of the lower continental crust based on experimental studies of seismic velocities in granulite, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 86, 227-236. PDF

Christensen, N. I., and M. H. Salisbury (1975), Structure and constitution of the lower oceanic crust, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 13, 57-86. PDF

Christensen, N. I., Ophiolites (1978), seismic velocities and ocean crustal structure, Tectonophysics, 47, 131-157. PDF

Salisbury, M. H., and N. I. Christensen (1978), The seismic velocity structure of a traverse through the Bay of Islands Ophiolite Complex, Newfoundland, an exposure of oceanic crust and upper mantle, J. Geophys. Res., 83, 805-817. PDF

Christensen, N. I., and J. D. Smewing (1981), Geology and seismic structure of the northern section of the Oman ophiolite, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 2545-2556. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (1984), The magnitude, symmetry and origin of upper mantle anisotropy based on fabric analyses of ultramafic tectonites, Geophys. J.R. Astr. Soc., 76, 89-111. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (1984), Structure and origin of the Dun Mountain ultramafic massif, New Zealand, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 95, 551-558. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (1984), Pore pressure and oceanic crustal seismic structure, Geophys. J.R. Astr. Soc., 79, 411-424. PDF

Christensen, N. I., and M. H. Salisbury (1989), Velocity structure of the Troodos Massif, an arc-derived ophiolite, in Cyprus Crustal Study Project: Initial Report, Hole CY-4, Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 88-9, edited by I. L. Gibson, J. Malpas, P. T. Robinson, and C. Xenophontos, pp. 351-369. PDF

Fountain, D. M., and N. I. Christensen (1989), Composition of the continental crust: A review, in Geophysical Framework of the Continental United States, Geol. Soc. Am. Memoir 172, edited by L. C. Pakiser Jr. and W. D. Mooney, pp. 711-742, Boulder, Colorado. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (1989), Pore pressure, seismic velocities and crustal composition, in Geophysical framework of the continental United States, Geol. Soc. Am. Memoir 172, edited by L. C. Pakiser Jr. and W. D. Mooney, pp. 783-798, Boulder, Colorado. PDF

Johnston, J. E., and N. I. Christensen (1992), Shear wave reflectivity, anisotropies, Poisson's ratios, and densities of a southern Appalachian Paleozoic sedimentary sequence, Tectonophysics, 210, 1-20. PDF

Holbrook, W. S., W. D. Mooney, and N. I. Christensen (1992), The seismic velocity structure of the deep continental crust, in Continental Lower Crust, Developments in Geotectonics, edited by D. M. Fountain, R. Arculus, and R. M. Kay, pp.1-43, Elsevier, Amsterdam. PDF

Johnston, J. E., and N. I. Christensen (1993), Compressional to shear velocity ratios in sedimentary rocks, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. & Geomech. Abstr., 30, 751-754. PDF

Miller, D. J., and N. I. Christensen (1994), Seismic signature and geochemistry of an island arc: A multidisciplinary study of the Kohistan accreted terrane, northern Pakistan, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 11, 623-11, 642. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (1996), Poisson’s ratio and crustal seismology, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 3139-3156. PDF

Johnston, J. E., and N. I. Christensen (1997), Seismic properties of layer 2 basalts, Geophys. J.R. Astr. Soc., 128 (2), 285-300. PDF

Musacchio, G., W. D. Mooney, J. H. Luetgert, and N. I. Christensen (1997), Composition of the crust in the Grenville and Appalachian Provinces of North America inferred from Vp/Vs ratios, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 15, 225-15, 241. PDF

Fliedner, M. M., S. Klemperer, and N. I. Christensen (2000), Three-dimensional seismic model of the Sierra Nevada arc, California, and its implications for crustal and upper mantle composition, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 10, 899-10, 922. PDF

Morozov, I. B., N. I. Christensen, S. B. Smithson, and L. S. Hollister (2003), Seismic and laboratory constraints on crustal formation in a former continental arc, (ACCRETE, southeastern Alaska and western British Columbia), J. Geophys. Res. VOL. NO. 08, B1, 2041, 1-9, doi:10.1029/2001JB001740. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (2004), Serpentinites, peridotites, and seismology, International Geology Review, vol. 46, 795-816. PDF

Kopylova, M. G., J. Lo, and N. I. Christensen (2004), Petrological constraints on seismic properties of the slave upper mantle (Northern Canada), Lithos, vol. 77, 493-510. PDF

Audet, P., M. G. Bostock, N. I. Christensen, and S. M. Peacock (2009), Seismic evidence for overpressured subducted oceanic crust and megathrust fault sealing, Nature, 457, 76-78, doi: 10.1038/nature07650. PDF

Peacock, S. M., N. I. Christensen, M. G. Bostock, and P. Audet (2011), High pore pressures and porosity at 35 km depth in the Cascadia subduction zone, Geology, 470-474, doi: 10.1130/G31649.1. PDF

 

Temperature

Christensen, N. I. (1979), Compressional wave velocities in rocks at high temperatures and pressures, critical thermal gradients, and crustal low-velocity zones, J. Geophys. Res., 84, 6849-6857. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (1982), Seismic velocities, in Handbook of Physical Properties of Rocks, Vol. II, edited by R. S. Carmichael, pp. 1-228, CRC Press. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (1985), Measurements of dynamic properties of rock at elevated pressures and temperatures, in American Society for Testing and Materials, edited by H. J. Pincus, and E. R. Hoskins, pp. 93-107, ASTM STP869, Philadelphia. PDF

Christensen, N. I., and W. W. Wepfer (1989), Laboratory techniques for determining seismic velocities and attenuations, with applications to the continental lithosphere, in Geophysical Framework of the Continental United States, Geol. Soc. Am. Memoir 172, edited by L. C. Pakiser Jr. and W. D. Mooney, pp. 91-102, Boulder, Colorado. PDF

Christensen, N. I., and W. D. Mooney (1995), Seismic velocity structure and composition of the continental crust: A global view, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 9761-9788. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (1996), Poisson’s ratio and crustal seismology, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 3139-3156. PDF

 

Downhole Logging Velocities

Salisbury, M. H., R. Stephen, N. I. Christensen, and J. Francheteau (1979), The physical state of the upper levels of Cretaceous oceanic crust from the results of logging, laboratory studies and the oblique seismic experiment at DSDP sites 417 and 418, in Deep Drilling Results in the Atlantic Ocean: Ocean Crust, Maurice Ewing Series 2, edited by M. Talwani, C. G. Harrison, and D. E. Hayes, pp. 113-134, Am. Geophys. Un. PDF

Salisbury, M. H., N. I. Christensen, K. Becker, and D. Moos (1985), The velocity structure of Layer 2 at Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 504 from logging and laboratory experiments, in Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, 83, edited by R. N. Anderson, J. Honnorez, K. Becker, et al., pp. 529-539, U.S. Govt. Ptg. Ofc, Washington, DC. PDF

Salisbury, M. H., J. H. Scott, N. I. Christensen, et al. (1988), Old oceanic crust, synthesis of logging, laboratory and seismic data from Leg 102, in Proceedings Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results 102, College Station, TX, edited by M. H. Salisbury, J. H. Scott, et al., pp. 155-180. PDF

Salisbury, M. H., N. I. Christensen, F. J. Vine, G. C. Smith, and S. Eleftherion (1989), Geophysical structure of the Troodos ophiolite from downhole logging, in Cyprus Crustal Study Project: Initial Report, Hole CY-4, Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 88-9, edited by I. L. Gibson, J. Malpas, P. T. Robinson, and C. Xenophontos, pp. 331-349. PDF

Salisbury, M. H., N. I. Christensen, and R. H. Wilkens (1996), Nature of the layer 2/3 transition from a comparison of laboratory and logging velocities and petrology at the base of Hole 504B, in Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 148, College Station, TX (Ocean Dfrilling Program), edited by J. C. Alt, H. Kinoshita, L. B. Stokking, and P. J. Michael, pp. 409-413. PDF

Salisbury, M. H., N. I. Christensen, F. J. Vine, G. C. Smith and S. Eleftherion (1989), Geophysical structure of the Troodos ophiolite from downhole logging, in Cyprus Crustal Study Project: Initial Report, Hole CY-4, Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 88-9, edited by I. L. Gibson, J. Malpas, P. R. Robinson, and C. Xenophontos, pp. 331-349.

 

Electrical Resistivity

Christensen, N. I., R. D. Hyndman, J. M. Hull and M. H. Salisbury (1978), Electrical resistivities, densities, and porosities of basalts from DSDP Leg 46, in Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Vol. XLVI, edited by L. Dmitriev, J. Heirtzler, et al., pp. 383-388, U.S. Govt. Ptg. Ofc., Washington, DC. PDF

Hyndman, R. D., N. I. Christensen and M. J. Drury (1979), Seismic velocities, densities, electrical resistivities, porosities and thermal conductivities of core samples from boreholes into the islands of Bermuda and the Azores, in Deep Drilling Results in the Atlantic Ocean: Ocean Crust, Maurice Ewing Series 2, edited by M. Talwani, C. G. Harrison, and D. E. Hayes, pp. 94-112, Am. Geophys. Un. PDF

Hyndman, R. D., N. I. Christensen, and M. J. Drury (1984), The physical properties of basalt core samples from Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 78B Hole 395A, in Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, 78, edited by B. Biju-Duval, J. C. Moore, et al., U.S. Govt. Ptg. Ofc., Washington, DC, pp. 801-810. PDF

 

Velocity Compilations

Christensen, N. I. (1982), Seismic velocities, in Handbook of Physical Properties of Rocks, Vol. II, edited by R. S. Carmichael, pp. 1-228, CRC Press. PDF

Christensen, N. I., and W. D. Mooney (1995), Seismic velocity structure and composition of the continental crust: A global view, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 9761-9788. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (1996), Poisson’s ratio and crustal seismology, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 3139-3156. PDF

Christensen, N. I. and D. Stanley (2003), Seismic Velocities and densities of rocks, in International Handbook of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology, edited by W. Lee, H. Kanamori, P. Jennings and C. Kissinger, pp. 1587-1594, Academic Press. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (1989), Seismic velocities, in CRC Practical Handbook of Physical Properties of Rocks and Minerals, edited by R. S. Carmichael, pp. 429-546, CRC Press, Boca Raton.

 

Attenuation

Christensen, N. I., and W. W. Wepfer (1989), Laboratory techniques for determining seismic velocities and attenuations, with applications to the continental lithosphere, in Geophysical Framework of the Continental United States, Geol. Soc. Am. Memoir 172, edited by L. C. Pakiser Jr. and W. D. Mooney, pp. 91-102, Boulder, Colorado. PDF

Wepfer, W. W., and N. I. Christensen (1990), Compressional wave attenuation in oceanic basalt, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 431-439. PDF

Wepfer, W. W., and N. I. Christensen (1991), Q structure of the Oceanic Crust, Marine Geophys. Res., 13, 227-237. PDF

Tompkins, M. J., and N. I. Christensen (1999), Effects of pore pressure on compressional wave attenuation in a young oceanic basalt, Geophys. Res. Letters, 26, 1321-1325. PDF

Tompkins, M. J., and N. I. Christensen (2001), Ultrasonic P- and S-wave attenuation in oceanic basalt, J. Geophys. Int., 145, 172-186. PDF

Stanley, D., and N. I. Christensen (2001), Attenuation anisotropy in shale at elevated confining pressure, Int. J. Rock Mech. and Min. Sci., 28, 1047-1056. PDF

 

Pore Pressure

Christensen, N. I. (1984), Pore pressure and oceanic crustal seismic structure, Geophys. J.R. Astr. Soc., 79, 411-424. PDF

Christensen, N. I., and H. F. Wang (1985), The influence of pore pressure and confining pressure on dynamic elastic properties of Berea sandstone, Geophysics, 50, 207-213. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (1986), The influence of pore pressure on oceanic crustal seismic velocities, Jour. of Geodynamics, 5, 45-49. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (1989), Pore pressure, seismic velocities and crustal composition, in Geophysical framework of the continental United States: Geol. Soc. Am. Memoir 172, edited by L. C. Pakiser Jr. and W. D. Mooney, pp. 783-798, Boulder, Colorado. PDF

Tompkins, M. J., and N. I. Christensen (1999), Effects of pore pressure on compressional wave attenuation in a young oceanic basalt, Geophys. Res. Letters, 26, 1321-1325. PDF

Audet, P., M. G. Bostock, N. I. Christensen, and S. M. Peacock (2009), Seismic evidence for overpressured subducted oceanic crust and megathrust fault sealing, Nature, 457, 76-78, doi: 10.1038/nature07650. PDF

Peacock, S. M., N. I. Christensen, M. G. Bostock, and P. Audet (2011), High pore pressures and porosity at 35 km depth in the Cascadia subduction zone, Geology, 470-474, doi: 10.1130/G31649.1. PDF

 

Permeability

Christensen, N. I., and R. Ramananantoandro (1988), Permeability of the oceanic crust based on experimental studies of basalt permeability at elevated pressures, Tectonophysics, 149, 181-186. PDF

Audet, P., M. G. Bostock, N. I. Christensen, and S. M. Peacock (2009), Seismic evidence for overpressured subducted oceanic crust and megathrust fault sealing, Nature, 457, 76-78, doi: 10.1038/nature07650. PDF

Peacock, S. M., N. I. Christensen, M. G. Bostock, and P. Audet (2011), High pore pressures and porosity at 35 km depth in the Cascadia subduction zone, Geology, 470-474, doi: 10.1130/G31649.1. PDF

 

Laboratory Techniques

Christensen, N. I. (1985), Measurements of dynamic properties of rock at elevated pressures and temperatures, in American Society for Testing and Materials, edited by H. J. Pincus, and E. R. Hoskins, Philadelphia, ASTM STP869, 93-107. PDF

Christensen, N. I., and W. W. Wepfer (1989), Laboratory techniques for determining seismic velocities and attenuations, with applications to the continental lithosphere, in Geophysical Framework of the Continental United States, Geol. Soc. Am. Memoir 172, edited by L. C. Pakiser Jr. and W. D. Mooney, pp. 91-102, Boulder, Colorado. PDF

Christensen, N. I., and D. Stanley (2003), Seismic Velocities and densities of rocks, in International Handbook of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology, edited by W. Lee, H. Kanamori, P. Jennings and C. Kissinger, pp. 1587-1594, Academic Press. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (1989), Seismic Properties of Rocks, in Encyclopedia of Geophysics, edited by D. E. James, pp. 1093-1098, Van Nostrand Reinhold and Company, New York.

 

Single Crystal and Monomineralic Aggregate Velocities

Christensen, N. I. (1965), Compressional wave velocities in metamorphic rocks at pressures to 10 kilobars, J. Geophys. Res., 70, 6147-6164. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (1966), Compressional wave velocities in single crystals of alkali feldspar at pressures to 10 kilobars, J. Geophys. Res., 71, 3113-3116. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (1972), Elastic properties of polycrystalline magnesium, iron and manganese carbonates to 10 kilobars, J. Geophys. Res., 77, 369-372. PDF

Seront, B., D. Mainprice, and N. I. Christensen (1993), A determination of the three-dimensional seismic properties of anorthosite: Comparison between values calculated from the petrofabric and direct laboratory measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 2209-2221. PDF

Christensen, N. I., and W. D. Mooney (1995), Seismic velocity structure and composition of the continental crust: A global view, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 9761-9788. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (1996), Poisson’s ratio and crustal seismology, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 3139-3156. PDF

Zhao, Z., Y. Niu, N. I. Christensen, W. Zhou, et al. (2011), Delamination and ultra-deep subduction of continental crust: constraints from elastic wave velocity and density measurement in ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rocks, Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 1-21, doi:10.1111 fl.1525-1314.2011.00941.x. PDF

 

Fault Zone Properties

Christensen, N. I., and D. Szymanski (1988), The origin of reflections from the Brevard Fault Zone, Jour. of Geophys. Res., 93, 1087-1102. PDF

Iturrino, G. J., and N. I. Christensen (1991), Reflectivity modeling of the Layer 3 gabbroic sequence drilled at the Atlantis II fracutre zone, in Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 188, College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), edited by R. P. von Herzen, P. T. Robinson, et al., pp. 245-251. PDF

McCaffree, C. L. and N. I. Christensen (1993), Shear wave properties and seismic imaging of mylonite zones, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 4423-4435. PDF

Okaya, D., N. I. Christensen, D. Stanley, and T. S. Stern (1995), Crustal anisotropy in the vicinity of the Alpine Fault Zone, New Zealand Jour. of Geol. & Geophys., 38(4), 579-583. PDF

McCaffree-Pellerin, C. L., and N. I. Christensen (1998), Interpretation of crustal seismic velocities in the San Gabriel-Mohave region, southern California, Tectonophysics, 296, 253-271. PDF

Godfrey, N. J., N. I. Christensen, and D. A. Okaya (2002), The effect of crustal anisotropy on reflector depth and velocity determination from wide-angle seismic data: A synthetic example based on South Island, New Zealand, Tectonophysics, 355, 145-161. PDF

Christensen, N. I., D. A. Okaya (2007), Compressional and Shear Wave Velocities in South Island, New Zealand rocks and their application to the interpretation of seismological models of the New Zealand crust, A Continental Plate Boundary: Tectonics at South Island, New Zealand Geophysical Monograph Series 175, American Geophysical Union, 123-155, doi: 10.1029/175GM08. PDF

 

Velocity Density Relations

Velocity Denisty Relations: Serpentinies, Peridotites

Christensen, N. I. (1966), Elasticity of ultrabasic rocks, J. Geophys. Res., 71, 5921-5931. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (1968), Chemical changes associated with upper mantle structure, Tectonophysics, 6, 331-342. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (1972), Elastic properties of polycrystalline magnesium, iron and manganese carbonates to 10 kilobars, J. Geophys. Res., 77, 369-372. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (1972), The abundance of serpentinites in the oceanic crust, J. Geol., 80, 709-719. PDF

Ballotti, D. M., N. I. Christensen, and K. Becker (1992), Seismic properties of serpentinized peridotite from the Mariana forearc, in Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 125, College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), edited by P. Fryer, J. A. Pearce, L. B. Stokking, et al., pp. 581-584. PDF

Iturrino, G. J., D. J. Miller, and N. I. Christensen (1996), Velocity behavior of lower crustal and upper mantle rocks from a fast–spreading ridge at Hess Deep, in Proceeding of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, Vol. 147, College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), edited by C. Mevel, K. M. Gillis, J. F. Allan, and P. S. Meyer, pp. 417-440. PDF

Miller, D. J., G.J. Iturrino, and N. I. Christensen (1996), Geochemical and petrological constraints on velocity behavior of lower crustal and upper mantle rocks from the fast-spreading ridge at Hess Deep, in Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 147, College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), edited by C. Mevel, K. M. Gillis, J. F. Allan, and P. S. Meyer, pp. 447-487. PDF

Miller, D. J., and N. I. Christensen (1997), Seismic velocities of lower crustal and upper mantle rocks from the slow spreading Mid-Atlantic Ridge, south of the Kane Transformation Zone (MARK), in Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 153, College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), edited by J. A. Karson, M. Cannat, D. J. Miller, and D. Ethon, pp. 437-451. PDF

Courtier A. M., D. J. Hart, and N. I. Christensen (2004), Seismic properties of Leg 195 serpentinites and their geophysical implications, in Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, Volume 195, edited by M. Shirohara, M. H. Salisbury, and C. Richter, pp. 1-12. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (2004), Serpentinites, peridotites, and seismology, International Geology Review, vol. 46, 795-816. PDF

 

Velocity Denisty Relations: Mafic Oceanic Rocks

Christensen, N. I., and G. H. Shaw (1970), Elasticity of mafic rocks from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Geophys. J.R. Astr. Soc., 20, 271-284. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (1972), Compressional and shear wave velocities at pressure to 10 kilobars for basalts from the East Pacific Rise, Geophys. J.R. Astr. Soc., 28, 425-429. PDF

Christensen, N. I., and M.H. Salisbury (1972), Seafloor spreading, progressive alteration of layer 2 basalts, and associated changes in seismic velocities, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 15, 367-375. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (1973), Compressional and shear wave velocities in basaltic rocks, Deep Sea Drilling Project, Leg 16, in Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Vol. XVI, edited by T. H. van Andel, G. R. Heath, et al., pp. 647-650, U.S. Govt. Ptg. Ofc., Washington, DC. PDF

Christensen, N. I., and M. H. Salisbury (1973), Velocities, elastic moduli and weathering age-relations for Pacific layer 2 basalts, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 19, 461-470. PDF

Christensen, N. I., D. M. Fountain, R. L. Carlson, and M. H. Salisbury (1974), Velocities and elastic moduli of volcanic and sedimentary rocks recovered on DSDP Leg 25, in Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Vol. XXV, edited by E. S. W. Simpson, R. Schlich, et al., pp. 357-360, U.S. Govt. Ptg. Ofc., Washington, DC. PDF

Christensen, N. I., M. H. Salisbury, D. M. Fountain, and R. L. Carlson (1974), Velocities of compressional and shear waves in DSDP Leg 27 basalts, in Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Vol. XXVII, edited by J. J. Veevers, J. R. Heirtzler, et al., pp. 445-470, U.S. Govt. Ptg. Ofc., Washington, DC. PDF

Christensen, N. I. and M. H. Salisbury (1975), Structure and constitution of the lower oceanic crust, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 13, 57-86. PDF

Fountain, D. M., R. L. Carlson, M. H. Salisbury, and N. I. Christensen (1975), Possible lower crustal rocks recovered on Leg 31 by deep-sea drilling in the Philippine Sea, Mar. Geol., 19, M75-M80. PDF

Salisbury, M. H. and N. I. Christensen (1976), Sonic velocities and densities of basalts from the Nazca Plate, DSDP Leg 34, in Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Vol. XXXIV, edited by R. S. Yeats, S. R. Hart, et al., pp. 543-546, U.S. Govt. Ptg. Ofc., Washington, DC. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (1976), Seismic velocities, densities and elastic constants of basalts from DSDP Leg 35, in Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Vol. XXV, edited by D. C. Hollister, C. Craddock, et al., pp. 335-340, U.S. Govt. Ptg. Ofc., Washington DC. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (1977), Seismic velocities in Leg 37 rocks and their geophysical implications, in Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Vol. XXXVII, edited by F. Aumento, W. G. Melson, et al., pp. 389-393, U.S. Govt. Ptg. Ofc., Washington, DC. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (1977), Seismic velocities and elastic moduli of igenous and metamorphic rocks from the Indian Ocean, in Indian Ocean Geology and Biostratigraphy, edited by J. R. Heirtzler, H. M. Bolli, et al., pp. 279-299, Am. Geophys. Un. PDF

Hyndman, R. D., N. I. Christensen, and M. J. Drury (1979), Seismic velocities, densities, electrical resistivities, porosities and thermal conductivities of core samples from boreholes into the islands of Bermuda and the Azores, in Deep Drilling Results in the Atlantic Ocean: Ocean Crust, Maurice Ewing Series 2, edited by M. Talwani, C. G. Harrison, and D. E. Hayes, pp. 94-112, Am. Geophys. Un. PDF

Christensen, N. I., J. M. Hull, and K. A. Hubert (1979), Seismic velocities, densities and elastic constants at elevated pressures of basalts and volcaniclastic breccias, DSDP Leg 43, in Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Vol. XLIII, edited by B. E. Tucholke, P. R. Vogt, et al., pp. 769-772, U.S. Govt. Ptg. Ofc., Washington, DC. PDF

Christensen, N. I., S. C. Blair, R. H. Wilkens, and M. H. Salisbury (1979), Compressional wave velocities, densities, and porosities of basalts from holes 417A, 417D, 418A, Deep Sea Drilling Project legs 51-53, in Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Vol. LI, LII, LIII, edited by T. Donnelly, J. Francheteau, W. Bryan, P. Robinson, M. Flower, M. Salisbury, pp. 1467-1471 U.S. Govt. Ptg. Ofc., Washington, DC. PDF

Christensen, N. I., R. H. Wilkens, S. C. Blair and R. L. Carlson (1980), Seismic velocities, densities, and elastic constants of volcanic breccias and basalt, DSDP Leg 59, in Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Vol. LIX, edited by L. Kroenke, R. Scott, et al., pp. 515-518, U.S. Govt. Ptg. Ofc., Washington, DC. PDF

Christensen, N. I., R. H. Wilkens, S. M. Lundquist, and J. P. Schultz (1981), Seismic properties of volcanic rocks from Hess Rise, in Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Vol. LXII, edited by J. Thiede, T. L. Vallier, et al., pp. 1005-1007, U.S. Govt. Ptg. Ofc., Washington, DC. PDF

Christensen, N. I., S. C. Blair, R. C. Prior, and J. P. Schultz (1982), Seismic velocities at elevated pressures of igneous rocks from the Mariana Trough and fore-arc region, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 60, in Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, 60, edited by D. M. Hussong, S. Uyeda, et al., pp. 805-806, U.S. Govt. Ptg. Ofc., Washington, DC. PDF

Christensen, N. I., and R. H. Wilkens (1982), Seismic properties, density, and composition of the Icelandic crust near Reydarfjordur, J. Geophys. Res., 87, 6389-6395. PDF

Christensen, N. I., and B. T. R. Lewis (1983), Physical properties of Leg 65 basalts, in Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, 65, edited by B. T. R. Lewis, P. Robinson, et al., U.S. Govt. Ptg. Ofc., Washington, DC, 693-696. PDF

Wilkens, R. H., N. I. Christensen, and L. Slater (1983), High-pressure seismic studies of Leg 69 and 70 basalts, in Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, 69, edited by J. R. Cann, et al., pp. 683-686, U.S. Govt. Ptg. Ofc., Washington, DC PDF

Hyndman, R. D., N. I. Christensen, and M. J. Drury (1984), The physical properties of basalt core samples from Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 78B Hole 395A, in Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, 78, edited by B. Biju-Duval, J. C. Moore, et al., U.S. Govt. Ptg. Ofc., Washington, DC, pp. 801-810. PDF

Christensen, N. I., W. W. Wepfer, and R. D. Baud (1989), Seismic properties of sheeted dikes from Hole 504B, ODP Leg 111, in Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, Vol. III, College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), edited by Becker K., Sakai, H., et al., pp. 171-176. PDF

Brocher, T. M., and N. I. Christensen (1991), Seismic anisotropy due to preferred mineral orientation observed in shallow crustal rocks in southern Alaska: Reply to Crampin, Geology, 19, 859-860. PDF

Wallick, B. P., N. I. Christensen, and D. M. Ballotti (1992), High-pressure velocity measurements of Jurassic Basalt, Leg 129, in Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 129, College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), edited by R. L. Larson, Y. Lancelot, et al., pp. 501-506. PDF

Gröschel-Becker, H. M., H. W. Villinger, B. A. Konyukhov, G. J. Iturrino, and N. I. Christensen (1994), Seismic velocities of diabase and basalt from Middle Valley sills and flows, northern Juan de Fuca Ridge, in Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 139, College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), edited by M. J. Mottl, E. E. Davis, A. T. Fisher, and J. F. Slack, pp. 597-609. PDF

Johnston, J. E., G. J. Fryer, and N. I. Christensen (1995), Velocity-porosity relationships of basalts from the East Pacific Rise, in Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 142, College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), edited by R. Batiza, M. A. Storms, and J. F. Allan, pp. 51-58. PDF

Iturrino, G. J., D. J. Miller, and N. I. Christensen (1996), Velocity behavior of lower crustal and upper mantle rocks from a fast–spreading ridge at Hess Deep, in Proceeding of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, Vol. 147, College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), edited by C. Mevel, K. M. Gillis, J. F. Allan, and P. S. Meyer, pp. 417-440. PDF

Miller, D. J., G. J. Iturrino, and N. I. Christensen (1996), Geochemical and petrological constraints on velocity behavior of lower crustal and upper mantle rocks from the fast-spreading ridge at Hess Deep, in Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 147, College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), edited by C. Mevel, K. M. Gillis, J. F. Allan, and P. S. Meyer, pp. 447-487. PDF

Johnston, J. E., and N. I. Christensen (1997), Seismic properties of layer 2 basalts, Geophys. J.R. Astr. Soc., 128 (2), 285-300. PDF

Miller, D. J., and N. I. Christensen (1997), Seismic velocities of lower crustal and upper mantle rocks from the slow spreading Mid-Atlantic Ridge, south of the Kane Transformation Zone (MARK), in Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 153, College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), edited by J. A. Karson, M. Cannat, D. J. Miller, and D. Ethon, pp. 437-451. PDF

 

Velocity Denisty Relations: Continental Crystalline Rocks

Christensen, N. I., and D. M. Fountain (1975), Constitution of the lower continental crust based on experimental studies of seismic velocities in granulite, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 86, 227-236. PDF

Szymanski, D. L., and N. I. Christensen (1993), The origin of reflections beneath the Blue-Ridge-Piedmont Allochthon: A view through the Grandfather Mountain window, Tectonics, 12, 265-278. PDF

McCaffree, C. L., and N. I. Christensen (1993), Shear wave properties and seismic imaging of mylonite zones, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 4423-4435. PDF

Parsons, T., N. I. Christensen, and H. G. Wilshire (1995), Velocities of southern Basin and Range xenoliths: Insights on the nature of lower crustal reflectivity and composition, Geology, 23, 129-132. PDF

Christensen, N. I., and W. D. Mooney (1995), Seismic velocity structure and composition of the continental crust: A global view, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 9761-9788. PDF

Christensen, N. I. (1996), Poisson’s ratio and crustal seismology, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 3139-3156. PDF

Christensen, N. I., and D. Stanley (2003), Seismic Velocities and densities of rocks, in International Handbook of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology, edited by W. Lee, H. Kanamori, P. Jennings and C. Kissinger, pp. 1587-1594, Academic Press. PDF

Christensen, N. I., and D. A. Okaya (2007), Compressional and Shear Wave Velocities in South Island, New Zealand rocks and their application to the interpretation of seismological models of the New Zealand crust, A Continental Plate Boundary: Tectonics at South Island, New Zealand Geophysical Monograph Series 175, American Geophysical Union, 123-155, doi: 10.1029/175GM08. PDF

 

Velocity Denisty Relations: Arc Rocks

Christensen, N. I., and W. D. Mooney (1995), Seismic velocity structure and composition of the continental crust: A global view, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 9761-9788. PDF

Miller, D. J., and N. I. Christensen (1994), Seismic signature and geochemistry of an island arc: A multidisciplinary study of the Kohistan accreted terrane, northern Pakistan, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 11, 623-11, 642. PDF

Morozov, I. B., N. I. Christensen, S. B. Smithson, and L. S. Hollister (2003), Seismic and laboratory constraints on crustal formation in a former continental arc (ACCRETE, southeastern Alaska and western British Columbia), J. Geophys. Res., VOL. NO. 08, B1, 2041,1-9, doi:10.1029/2001JB001740. PDF

 

Velocity Denisty Relations: Subduction Zone Rocks

Christensen, N. I., and W. D. Mooney (1995), Seismic velocity structure and composition of the continental crust: A global view, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 9761-9788. PDF

Zhao, Z., N. I. Christensen, and W. Zhou (2001), Elastic wave velocity in rocks from Dabieshan and its constraints for lithospheric composition and crust-mantle recycling, Progress in Natural Science (China), 11, 116-122. PDF

Zhao, Z., Y. Niu, N. I. Christensen, W. Zhou, Q. Hou, Z. M. Zhang, H. Xie, Z. C. Zhang, and J. Liu (2011), Delamination and ultra-deep subduction of continental crust: constraints from elastic wave velocity and density measurement in ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rocks, Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 1-21, doi:10.1111 fl.1525-1314.2011.00941.x. PDF