Module
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Learning Goals |
A
w00
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B
w11
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C
w22
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D
w33
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8. Winds and Waves
By
the end of this module, you will be able to:
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X
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a
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Describe wind velocity, fetch, duration, and drag, and
how they relate to ocean-wave creation.
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X
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b
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1)
Describe the relationships between wave characteristics including
shape, wavelength, period, amplitude, steepness, phase and group
velocities, and wave trains.
2) Explain how wind-generated waves, swell, rogue waves, and tsunamis
are formed. |
X
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c
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Explain how wave and beach-slope characteristics determine the types
of breaking waves. |
X
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d
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Explain the parameters that need to be considered when
forecasting swell from distant storms and the affect of swell on sailboats. |
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X
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e
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Explain the change in wind speeds and sea state as you
move along the Beaufort Wind Force Scale, and which Beaufort-force values are best for recreational sailing. |
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A
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B
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C
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D
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9. Large-Scale Winds
By the end of this module, you will be
able to:
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X
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a
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1. Identify the global wind circulations, including the Hadley cell,
mid-latitude belt of extratropical cyclones, and
Polar cell.
2. Describe how the trade winds, westerlies, and easterlies are
influenced by the Coriolis effect. |
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X
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b
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Describe
the location of the jet streams in relation to the global
circulations and explain how ridges and troughs in the jet streams
create midlatitude cyclones and anticyclones that influence surface
weather. |
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X
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c
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Describe the phases of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and how they
affect the trade winds, ocean currents, and the Walker circulation.
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X
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d
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Explain the global ocean surface currents and gyres and how they
are affected by wind. |
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X
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e
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Describe hurricane structure, and
how and where they form and move.
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X
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f
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Describe the characteristics of extratropical
cyclones, atmospheric rivers, sting jets, squall lines, waterspouts and downbursts. |
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X
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g
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1.
Describe what different weather systems (ie. High and low pressure,
warm and cold fronts) look like when you’re on the water; and
2. Describe the effects that wind, tide and current can have on your travel
speed and access to certain areas. |
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A
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B
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C
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D
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10. Local Wind and Tide Effects
By the end of this module, you will be
able to: |
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X
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a
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Explain
how the following local winds work and how they apply to sailing: sea
breezes, land breezes, katabatic winds, and coastal (barrier) jets.
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X
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b
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Describe how inflow and outflow winds work in a
coastal inlet. |
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X
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c
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Identify
areas of mesoscale cellular convection (open and closed cells) and
horizontal roll vortices in satellite imagery and describe how they are
formed. |
X
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d
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Describe the forces that drive tidal cycles and how
tides relate to currents and sailing.
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X
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e
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Describe the processes that drive coastal upwelling,
and explain how upwelling and sea surface temperatures create fog.
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X
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f
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Recognize and explain optical phenomena over the sea, including
mirages, fata morgana, and the green flash.
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A
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B
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C
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D
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11. Marine Weather Services
By the end of this module, you will be
able to: |
X
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a
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Access the short-term and extended marine forecast
for a given location.
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X
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b
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Access marine weather warnings and relate them to wind speeds and other hazards that could affect your voyage.
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X
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c
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1.
Recognize weather map features including highs, lows, fronts, isobars,
and use them to infer winds, clouds and bad weather; and
2. Utilize forecast maps and barometers to anticipate how future weather will affect your voyage.
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X
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d
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Recognize areas of high and low
pressure and fronts on satellite images.
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X
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e
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Interpret different tides and currents from tide and
current tables.
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