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Kirsten Hodge is a volcanologist and science educator. She is currently the Director of the Pacific Museum of Earth (PME), one of the University of British Columbia’s main outreach hubs. At the PME, she oversees how the museum engages, excites, and educates the UBC community as well as local youth and teachers. Her work at the PME provides a link between the fundamental science that shapes our planet (“how science works in general”) to topics that have environmental, economic, and societal importance (“why do we care?“).

As Earth’s climate shifts, we experience changes in evaporation and precipitation. Worldwide, these alterations in the water cycle are incorporated into the structures of trees, coral beds, glaciers, sediment deposits, stalagmites and stalactites, providing a powerful global record of changes to the hydrosphere and climate.

Water is composed of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. Hydrogen can exist as ¹H, with an atomic mass unit (amu) of 1, or in a more rare heavy form, ²H. Similarly, oxygen typically has an amu of 16, but can also be present as a heavier ¹⁸O isotope. Evaporation and condensation preferentially act upon the light and heavy isotopes of water, respectively. As a result, water isotope ratios in reservoirs like the ocean and groundwater fluctuate depending on temperature-dependent evaporation and precipitation rates. These isotope ratios are directly incorporated into biological and geological structures, enabling scientists to study climate trends, water circulation patterns, and linkages between Earth processes. 

In an unprecedented effort to consolidate water isotope proxy records for climate, the Past Global Changes (PAGES) Iso2k working group collected 705 records from 471 sites with data records extending to 2000 years ago. Records included tree rings, coral, ice cores, sediment cores, stalagmites and stalactites sampled across the globe. Dr. Anais Orsi of the University of British Columbia’s Dept. of Earth Oceans and Atmospheric Science provided ice core records from Antarctica. All the paleoclimate datasets are compiled and publicly available from the recently published PAGES Iso2k database. 

With the newly consolidated data set, the Iso2k working group evaluated the effect of temperature on isotope ratios in seawater, precipitation, and snowfall over the past 2000 years.  Their initial findings were published this month by Nature Geoscience in the article ‘Globally Coherent water cycle response to temperature change during the past two millennia’. Yet this is only the beginning. Over the next two years, the group plans to conduct another ~10 studies based on the Big Data they have collected, not to mention the countless other studies this publicly available data will inspire. 

Within the subarctic tundra of Canada’s Northwest Territories are buried deposits of kimberlite ore, the host rock for diamonds. Yet reaching these deposits that are buried under glacial till tens of meters below the surface is no easy feat. However, the subsurface kimberlite minerals impact the soil environment above them, causing subtle differences in the microbial community at the surface. In their Nature Communications article published last week, Earth Oceans and Atmospheric Science researchers demonstrated how modern advances in sequencing technology can be used to leverage such subtle differences in the microbial communities to detect kimberlite without requiring any initial excavation. 

In their research, Rachel Simister, Bianca Phillips, and Sean Crowe tested the effects of kimberlite additions to soil media in the lab. Their experiments revealed an increase in rare indicator species and overall shifts in microbial community composition associated with the kimberlite-amended soil. The ‘biological fingerprint’ they discovered in the lab was confirmed in the field at known kimberlite formations. Armed with this powerful tool for kimberlite detection, the team took their new technique for a test drive during a blind exploration survey and found their DNA-based surveying technique outperformed traditional geochemical techniques. These findings have the potential to revolutionize the mineral exploration industry, making it more efficient and potentially less destructive. 

Looking forward, this new technique could be applied beyond kimberlite mining. During a UBC media interview, Dr. Crowe, EOAS and M&I professor and Canada Research Chair in Geomicrobiology, said “You could use this technique to find minerals to fuel a green economy. Copper is the most important critical element that we’ll need more of going forward.” 

With such a significant potential impact, this study has made headlines as featured on CBC News, Vancouver CTVNews, Canada News Media, the Vancouver Sun, and Science Daily. You can also read the original article by clicking here. 

Elisabeth (Ellie) Giroud Proeschel is a Master student in Geophysics and a Planetary Scientist at the University of British Columbia (UBC), where she studies a landform unique to Mercury called hollows. She focuses on those occurring at impact craters and whether a relationship can be derived between relative crater age and hollow locations within their host craters in order to better understand how hollows form, grow and "die" on Mercury. Ellie completed her undergraduate degree in Geology in France before moving to BC where she can now be found roaming the mountains in her spare time.

This week The Pacific Center for Isotopic and Geochemical Research (PCIGR) has a new article out in the American Geophysical Union journal, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. The article, authored by Nicole Williamson, Dominique Weis, James Scoates, and Michael Garcia, is the culmination of years of extensive sampling and careful geochemical analyses of volcanic rocks from Kaua’i.

The Hawaiian islands were formed by the movement of the Pacific Plate over the Hawaiian Mantle plume, creating a series of volcanic islands. The recent work by the PCIGR reveals that the island of Kaua’i formed during a transitional period as the geochemical composition of the Hawaiian mantle plume evolved. The analysis of this new geochemical dataset demonstrates that older volcanic rocks in western Kaua‘i have a different geochemical signature than younger rocks in eastern Kaua‘i. Importantly, this work has tracked and quantified an important geochemical reference point, the Average Loa (‘ALOA'), in the Hawaiian mantle source. This study provides an example of how volcanic rocks at the surface of such oceanic islands can provide information on the spatial and temporal changes in deep mantle geochemistry.

To read the original article, "Emergence of the Loa Mantle Component in the Hawaiian Islands Based on the Geochemistry of Kaua’i Shield-Stage Basalts”, click here. All elemental and isotopic data compiled from Hawaiian volcanoes used in this work and renormalized to the same laboratory standards are available in a publicly accessible database.

The EOAS's Pacific Museum of Earth has recently launched a new version of their climate science-themed online escape room game, Climate Hero. This initiative is part of the Pacific Museum of Earth's GenAction grant, supported by the Canadian Association of Science Centres, which is backed by a $6 million investment from the Government of Canada's $37.8 million Climate Action and Awareness Fund, supporting youth-focused climate change projects like GenAction. The PME/EOAS Team (Kirsten Hodge, Eva Gnegy, Lualawi Mareshet Admasu, and Rachel White) collaborated with Steamlabs to develop the game and ECO Schools Canada to promote the game as part of their Eco-Certification program with schools across Canada.

In the game, players start 40 years in the future, when Earth's climate has drastically changed. Players are tasked with navigating through six challenges, journeying back in time to commit to climate action. These challenges encompass various levels of climate action, from individual efforts to policy-level initiatives. A unique AI-feature allows players to engage in critical thinking and conversation, using a large language model powered by Cohere AI to simulate dialogue between players and the game’s characters. As part of this initiative, we've also spotlighted EOAS researchers, Marti Doucet & Rachel White in Science Spotlights, and we’re excited to announce that Rachel’s spotlight was chosen to be featured in the Climate Quest exhibit at Science North.

Click here to learn more about the game and play yourself!